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Warpaint shiner
The warpaint shiner (''Luxilus coccogenis'') is a species of freshwater fish found in North America. It is common in the upper Tennessee River basin as well as in the Savannah River, the Santee River, and the New River in North Carolina. Adults have a mean length of and can reach a maximum length of . The maximum age reported for this species is 4 years.
Warpaint shiners live in cool streams with gravel and rubble beds. They feed on aquatic insect larvae and on terrestrial insects they catch on the water surface. The warpaint shiner provides forage for sport fish such as small and large mouth bass. Importantly the warpaint shiner acts as host to the federally endangered freshwater mussels known as heelsplitters.
==Range and breeding==
Warpaint shiners were originally found only in the Tennessee River drainage. Due to human activity, the species has been introduced into the Upper Savannah, the Santee, and the New River drainages.〔Jenkins, R., N. Burkhead (1993) ''Freshwater Fishes of Virginia''. Bethseda, Maryland: ''American Fisheries Society''. 〕 Warpaint shiners inhabit moderate to high gradient creeks, streams, and rivers with clear, cool water where they feed on aquatic insects.〔Outten, L. (1957) "A Study of the Life History of the Cyprinid Fish Notropis Coccogenis." ''Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Science Society,'' ''73'': 68–84.〕 Their life expectancy is from two to four years during which they grow to between 65 mm and 95 mm in length. The breeding season for warpaint shiners spans from May to June, during which time an individual will produce an average of 750 offspring.〔 Importantly the warpaint shiner acts as host to the federally endangered freshwater mussels known as heelsplitters.〔 Heelsplitter populations have been adversely affected by human activities, such as the construction of dams and the pollution and siltation resulting from large scale agriculture. Heelsplitters have been extirpated from much of their native range. This mussel species depends on the warpaint shiner to act as a host to larval mussels that attach to the fish gills during their maturation.〔 Further information is needed to establish the importance of the warpaint shiner as a species, and how it should be managed and protected.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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